Avaliação da eficácia do acessório mamilo na remoção dos hábitos deletérios / Evaluation of the effectiveness of the nipple accessory in the removal of the deletery habits

Objetivo: avaliar a eficácia do acessório mamilo aplicado a aparelhos ortopédicos/ ortodônticos no tratamento de hábitos deletérios de sucção de chupeta, língua, lábio e dedo, e onicofagia em pacientes tratados nos últimos 20 anos com o aparelho. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo clínico observacional, retrospectivo, no qual a amostra foi composta de prontuários de pacientes de ambos os gêneros, atendidos por profissionais habilitados pelo aparelho mamilo, que os utilizaram em crianças de 03 a 16 anos portadoras de hábitos deletérios. Os prontuários utilizados, correspondem a pacientes tratados entre os anos 2000 a 2020. Todas as análises foram realizadas no programa R, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Foram analisados 142 prontuários, nos quais 122 foram incluídos, por estarem dentro dos critérios de inclusão propostos no estudo e 20 foram excluídos da pesquisa por apresentarem informações incompletas e/ou não preenchidas corretamente. O hábito com maior incidência foi o de sucção digital, em 71,3% dos pacientes, 91,8% dos pacientes deixaram o hábito, destacando que nos casos de sucção de chupeta e onicofagia, o sucesso na remoção do hábito foi de 100%, em ambos os casos. O tempo médio de uso do aparelho foi de 4,8 meses, variando de 0,6 a 14 meses. O tempo médio para a remoção do hábito após a instalação do aparelho foi de 1,6 meses, variando de 0 a 12 meses. Conclusão: O aparelho mamilo, mostra-se como uma alternativa de alta eficácia na remoção de hábitos deletérios de sução de chupeta, dedo, língua e onicofagia.(AU)

Objective: Evaluate the effectiveness of the nipple accessory applied to orthopedic/orthodontic appliances in the treatment of harmful pacifier, tongue, lip and finger sucking habits, and onychophagia in patients treated in the last 20 years with the device. Methods: This is an observational, retrospective clinical study, in which the sample consisted of medical records of patients of both genders, assisted by professionals qualified by the nipple device, who used them in children aged 03 to 16 years with deleterious habits. The medical records used correspond to patients treated between the years 2000 and 2020. All analyzes were performed in the R program, with a significance level of 5%. Results: 142 medical records were analyzed, in which 122 were included, as they were within the inclusion criteria proposed in the study and 20 were excluded from the research because they presented incomplete information and/or not filled in correctly. The habit with the highest incidence was digital sucking, in 71.3% of patients, 91.8% of patients quit the habit, noting that in cases of pacifier sucking and onychophagia, success in removing the habit was 100%, in both cases. The average time of use of the device was 4.8 months, ranging from 0.6 to 14 months. The mean time to remove the habit after installing the device was 1.6 months, ranging from 0 to 12 months. Conclusion: The nipple device is a highly efficient alternative for removing harmful habits of pacifier, finger, tongue and onychophagy sucking.(AU)

Maloclusiones funcionales y su relación con hábitos orales en niños con dentición mixta / Functional malocclusions and their association with oral habits in children with mixed dentition

Objetivo: Relacionar la prevalencia de maloclusiones funcionales con hábitos orales en niños con dentición mixta. Materiales y métodos: La muestra estuvo constituida por 61 pacientes que asistieron a la Facultad de Odontología de la UNNE entre los meses de abril y noviembre de 2018, seleccionados mediante un muestreo al Azar Sistemático. Se evaluó en ellos la presencia de maloclusiones funcionales como mordidas abiertas y cruzadas, líneas medias desviadas, apiñamiento dentario, resalte maxilar. Como hábitos orales se consideró la succión digital, interposición lingual y deglución atípica, interposición de labios y objetos, respiración bucal, onicofagia. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo empleando el software estadístico InfoStat Versión 2019 y para conocer la asociación entre las maloclusiones funcionales y los hábitos orales se emplearon pruebas de Chi cuadrado (nivel de signi- ficación de P ≤0,05). Resultados: Se observó la presencia de maloclusiones funcionales en un 64% de los niños, y se encontró que el api- ñamiento dentario fue el predominante con un 39%. La pre- valencia de hábitos orales fue de 66%, la interposición labial y de objetos fue la que se detectó con mayor frecuencia con un 39%. Se observó mayor presencia de mordida abierta en pacientes con hábitos parafuncionales como ser succión digi- tal e interposición lingual. La asociación entre maloclusiones funcionales y hábitos orales fue estadísticamente significativa (χ 2 = 6,17, P = 0.0130). Conclusión: Se identificó una alta prevalencia de malo- clusiones funcionales en niños con dentición mixta, asociadas a hábitos orales (AU)

Aim: To determine the association between prevalence of functional malocclusions and oral habits in children with mixed dentition. Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 61 patients who attended the UNNE School of Dentistry from April to November 2018, selected through systematic random sampling. Presence of functional malocclusions such as open bite, crossbite, deviated midlines, dental crowding, and maxil- lary protrusion were evaluated. The oral habits of finger suck- ing, lingual interposition and atypical swallowing, interposi- tion of lips and objects, mouth breathing, and onychophagia were considered. A descriptive analysis was performed using the Statistical Software InfoStat Version 2019. Chi-square tests were used to determine the association between function- al malocclusions and oral habits (significance level P ≤0.05). Results: Functional malocclusions were present in 64% of the children, with dental crowding being the most prevalent, in 39%. Prevalence of oral habits was found in 66%, with la- bial and object interposition having the highest frequency, in 39%. Open bite was more frequent in patients with parafunc- tional habits such as finger sucking and lingual interposition. The association between functional malocclusions and oral habits was statistically significant (χ2 = 6.17, P = 0.0130). Conclusion: High prevalence of functional malocclu- sions was identified in children with mixed dentition, associ- ated with oral habits (AU)

Associação de hábitos parafuncionais e DTM em pacientes classe II / Association of parafunctional habits and TMD class II patients

Introdução: A Disfunção Temporomandibular (DTM) é a dor orofacial crônica mais comum, encontrada por dentistas e outros profissionais de saúde. Sua etiologia tem caráter multifatorial, e pode envolver, desde fatores hereditários, hábitos parafuncionais, maloclusões, até ansiedade e estresse. Objetivo: Este estudo investigou a frequência da DTM e a sua relação entre hábitos parafuncionais em uma população de pacientes classe II esquelética. Método: Uma amostra composta por pacientes classe II esquelética foi selecionada de forma não probabilística. Setenta e três indivíduos concordaram em participar da pesquisa, se submetendo ao exame físico que consistia na aplicação do Eixo I do (RDC/TMD). Resultados: Quarenta e seis por cento dos pacientes examinados apresentaram diagnóstico positivo. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 27 anos+ 8,73 anos, 82% do gênero feminino e 80% brancos. Trinta e quatro pacientes referiram alguma atividade parafuncional. Desses a onicofagia representou o grupo com maior frequência, seguido pelo bruxismo, interposição de objetos entre os dentes e por último o apertamento. As variáveis não apresentaram associação estatisticamente significante com o desfecho primário estudado. Conclusão: Na amostra estudada não se observou associação entre a ocorrência de DTM e hábitos parafuncionais em pacientes classe II esquelética... (AU)

Introduction: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is the most common chronic orofacial pain, found by dentists and other health professionals. Its etiology has a multifactorial character, and may involve, from hereditary factors, parafunctional habits, malocclusions, to anxiety and stress. Objective: This study investigated the TMD frequency and its relationship among parafunctional habits in a population of skeletal class II patients. Method: A sample composed by a class II patients was selected in a non probabilistic manner. Seventy-three members agreed to participate in the research, submitting themselves to a physical examination that consists in the application of Axis I (RDC/TMD). Results: Forty-six percent of patients diagnosed with a positive diagnosis. The average age of the patients was 27 years ± 8.73 years, 82% female and 80% white. Thirty-four patients reported some parafunctional activity. Of these, biting nail represented the group most frequently, followed by bruxism, interposition of objects between the teeth and lastly clenching. As variables did not present a statistically significant association with the primary outcome studied. Conclusion: In the sample studied, it is observed that there is no association between TMD occurrence and parafunctional habits in skeletal class II patients... (AU)

Factores asociados a enterobiosis en niños de dos comunidades nativas Ese'Eja del departamento Madre de Dios, Perú / Factors associated with enterobiosis in children of the Ese'Eja native communities in department of Madre de Dios, Peru

Introducción: La enterobiosis es una de las principales infecciones intestinales del mundo. Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a la infección por Enterobius vermicularis en niños de dos comunidades nativas Ese'Eja en Madre de Dios, Perú. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico. Se trabajó con niños (77) de 1 a 11 años durante los meses de febrero a marzo de 2014. Para diagnosticar la enterobiosis se usó el test de Graham. Las manifestaciones clínicas fueron evaluadas por un médico y los factores asociados mediante una encuesta aplicada a los padres de los niños evaluados. Se usó estadística descriptiva y analítica, se utilizaron razones de prevalencia crudas y ajustadas con un IC 95 por ciento se consideró p< 0,05 como significativo. Resultados: La prevalencia de enterobiosis fue de 32,47 por ciento (25). Los factores asociados (RP e IC 95 por ciento) en el análisis bivariado fueron onicofagia 2,1 (1,1-3,9), chuparse los dedos 5,4 (2,1-2,7), uñas largas 7 (2,6-18,6), intercambio de ropa 2,3 (1,1-3,7), cambio de ropa interior 3,3 (1,8-5,9), uso de calzado 7 (2,6-18,4), juego con tierra 6,9 (1,7-27,3), juego con mascotas 6,4 (2,1-19,7), lavado de manos antes de comer 7,9 (3,6-17,1), lavado de manos después de comer 1,9 (1,7-3,66), 6 o más personas en la casa 3,9 (1,9-7,9), disposición de excretas a campo abierto 3,3 (1,7-6,2) y el menor nivel socioeconómico 2,6 (1,3-5,4). No hubo asociaciones en el análisis multivariado. Conclusiones: Existe una alta prevalencia de enterobiosis en la población estudiada y los factores de riesgo son similares a los antecedentes locales. Urge hacer programas de prevención y promoción de salud respecto al tema para reducir este problema(AU)

Introduction: Enterobiasis is one of the main intestinal infections worldwide. Objective: Determine the factors associated to Enterobius vermicularis infection in children from two native Ese'Eja communities in Madre de Dios, Peru. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in February-March 2014 of 77 children aged 1-11 years. Enterobiasis diagnosis was based on Graham's test. Clinical manifestations were evaluated by a physician, whereas associated factors were determined through a survey applied to the parents of the children studied. Use was made of descriptive and analytical statistical analysis, and crude and adjusted prevalence ratios with a CI of 95 percent. A p value of 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Enterobiasis prevalence was 32.47 percent (25). The associated factors (PR and CI 95 percent) in the bivariate analysis were onychophagia 2.1 (1.1-3.9), finger sucking 5.4 (2.1-2.7), long nails 7 (2.6-18.6), exchanging clothes 2.3 (1.1-3.7), changing underwear 3.3 (1.8-5.9), wearing shoes 7 (2.6-18.4), playing with earth 6.9 (1.7-27.3), playing with pets 6.4 (2.1-19.7), handwashing before eating 7.9 (3.6-17.1), handwashing after eating 1.9 (1.7-3.66), six or more people in the household 3.9 (1.9-7.9), feces disposal in open areas 3.3 (1.7-6.2) and a lower socioeconomic level 2.6 (1.3-5.4). Multivariate analysis did not find any association. Conclusions: Enterobiasis prevalence is high in the population studied, and the risk factors are similar to the local antecedents. It is urgent to develop health prevention and promotion programs about the topic to reduce this problem(AU)

Alta prevalência de Balantidium coli em crianças de uma Escola Municipal de Moreira Sales - Pr / High prevalence of balantidium coli in children of a Municipal School in Moreira Sales - Pr

As doenças causadas por parasitos intestinais estão entre os mais frequentes agravos do mundo, pois é um problema de saúde pública que atinge a maioria da população. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a prevalência de parasitos em crianças de 4 a 6 anos de uma escola municipal de Moreira Sales, PR. A pesquisa foi composta por inquérito parasitológico e epidemiológico em crianças matriculadas em uma escola municipal em julho de 2017. O critério para inclusão no estudo foi: coletar a amostra de fezes, responder o questionário socioepidemiológico e ter o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) assinado pelos pais e/ou responsáveis. Participaram do estudo 42 crianças com idades entre 4 e 6 anos, das quais 66,7% eram meninas. Dos participantes, dez crianças (23,8%) apresentaram infecção por Balantidium coli, sendo que destas, duas apresentaram infecção mista por Entamoeba coli. Foi observado que a maioria dos infectados possuíam animais de estimação (60%), roíam unhas (60%), consumiam hortaliças (80%) e todas as crianças brincavam na terra, sendo esses alguns fatores de risco para a infecção. Diante dos resultados apresentados, é possível perceber que existem vários fatores que podem estar associados à infecção por Balantidium coli, sendo os principais: falta de saneamento básico e os hábitos de higiene inadequado. Portanto, fatores importantes para se promover a conscientização e ação profilática da população, com o intuito de minimizar as parasitoses, principalmente nas crianças.

Diseases caused by intestinal parasites are among the most frequent ones in the world, since it is a public health issue affecting most of the population. The purpose of this study was to verify the prevalence of parasites in children aged 4 to 6 years at a school in the municipality of Moreira Sales, in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The study was comprised by the parasitological and epidemiological investigation in children enrolled in a school in the city in July 2017. The criteria for inclusion in the study was to collect the stool sample, answer the socio-epidemiological questionnaire and sign a Free and Clarified Consent Form. A total of 42 children took part in this study, with ages ranging between 4 and 6 years, of which 66.7% were female. From the participants, ten children (23.8%) presented infection by Balantidium coli, and among which, two of them presented mixed infection by Entamoeba coli. It was observed that most of the infected children had pets (60%), bit their nails (60%), consumed vegetables (80%) and all children played on dirt, which are some of the risk factors for infection. Considering the results, it is possible to observe that there are several factors that can be associated to infection by Balantidium coli, among which: basic sanitation and hygiene habits. Therefore, raising awareness and presenting prophylactic action to the population is essential in order to minimize intestinal parasitosis, especially in children.

Prevalência de mordida aberta e fatores associados em pré-escolares de Salvador-BA em 2019 / Prevalence of open bite and associated factors in preschoolers from Salvador-BA in 2019

Resumo Introdução A mordida aberta anterior é um dos tipos de má-oclusão mais frequentes em pré-escolares, sendo considerada um dos problemas oclusais mais difíceis de tratar, principalmente por sua etiologia multifatorial e sua íntima relação com hábitos bucais deletérios. Objetivo Identificar a prevalência de mordida aberta anterior nos pré-escolares de Salvador-BA, bem como fatores potencialmente associados à mesma. Material e método Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal em 1.577 crianças em idade pré-escolar (36 a 71 meses), que frequentavam creches públicas municipais de Salvador-BA. Resultado A média de idade das crianças foi aproximadamente 54 meses. A maioria pertencia ao sexo masculino (50,29%). A população de estudo foi predominantemente composta por negros e pardos (92,02%). A prevalência de má-oclusão foi de 40,46% e, destes, 14,02% possuíam mordida aberta. Com relação à escolaridade, a maior parte das mães (55,86%) e dos pais (50,08%) foi igual ou superior ao Ensino Fundamental II Completo. A sucção digital foi comum em 6,73% das crianças e 10,39% faziam sucção de chupeta. Foram identificados, como fatores de proteção à mordida aberta, a escolaridade do pai maior ou igual ao Ensino Fundamental II completo (RP= 0,62 IC= 0,41-0,95) e a onicofagia (RP= 0,34 IC= 0,21-0,56). Como fatores de risco, identificaram-se o uso de chupeta (RP= 17,98 IC= 10,91-29,62) e a sucção digital (RP= 11,04 IC= 6,0-20,32). Conclusão Medidas educativas direcionadas aos pais e responsáveis se fazem essenciais para a prevenção do desenvolvimento de hábitos deletérios nos pré-escolares. Outros estudos são necessários a fim de aprofundar o entendimento sobre os fatores de proteção identificados neste estudo.

Abstract Introduction The previous open bite is one of the most frequent types of malocclusions in preschoolers, being considered one of the most difficult occlusal problems to treat, mainly due to its multifactorial etiology and its intimate relationship with deleterious oral habits. Objective Identify the prevalence of anterior open bite in preschoolers in Salvador-BA as well as factors potentially associated with it. Material and method This is a cross-sectional study of 1577 preschool children (36 to 71 months) who attended municipal public daycare centers in Salvador-BA. Result The children's average age was approximately 54 months. Most were male (50.29%). The study population was predominantly composed of blacks and browns (92.02%). The prevalence of malocclusion was 40.46%, of which 14.02% of these children had an open bite. Regarding schooling, most mothers (55.86%) and fathers (50.08%) were equal to or higher than complete primary school. The digital sucking was common in 6.73% of the children and 10.39% used pacifiers. As protective factors for open bite were found the father's education level ≥ 1st complete degree (PR = 0.62 CI = 0.41-0.95) and nail-biting (PR = 0.34 CI = 0.21-0.56). As risk factors were found the use of pacifiers (PR = 17.98 CI = 10.91-29.62) and digital suction (PR = 11.04 CI = 6.0-20.32). Conclusion Educational measures aimed at parents and guardians are essential to prevent the development of harmful habits in preschoolers. Other studies are needed for in order to deepen the understanding of the identified protection factors in this study.

Tratamiento temprano de paciente con agenesia de incisivo mandibular / Early treatment of a patient with agenesis of mandibular incisor

El reporte de este caso plantea el tratamiento oportuno de una maloclusión de Clase III, durante la etapa de dentición mixta temprana, con un incisivo mandibular ausente, por agenesia que se resuelve con cierre del espacio

This case report presents the timely treatment of a Class III malocclusion, in the early mixed dentition stage, with a missing mandibular incisor caused by agenesis which is handled with a space closure treatment

Parafunctional oral habits and primary dentition characteristics in a group of preschool children from Tlaquepaque, Jalisco, Mexico / Hábitos orales parafuncionales y características de la dentición primaria en un grupo de preescolares de Tlaquepaque, Jalisco, México

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between some characteristics of primary dentition, and the frequency of parafunctional oral habits, with age and sex. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of 227 preschool children. Subjects' parents or guardians were asked to sign an informed consent form. The epidemiological survey consisted of an oral examination and the application of a questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha=0.881), after calibration of a dentist (Kappa=0.932). To measure the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha was calculated, and for the associations, Mantel and Haenszel Square Chi-square test and likelihood ratio for contingency tables greater than 2x2 values were calculated. Results: Type 2 arch (72.7%), mouth breathing (26.0%) and onychophagia (17.2%) were the risk factors observed more frequently in the group under study. The type of arch was the only variable that was associated with sex (X2MH=4.443, p=0.035). Conclusion: A significant proportion of the subjects had at least one risk factor that may alter the development of dental occlusion; consequently, the implementation of preventive actions in this population must be considered.

Objetivo. Evaluar algunas características de la dentición primaria, así como la frecuencia de hábitos orales parafuncionales y su asociación con la edad y el sexo. Material y Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en una muestra de 227 preescolares bajo autorización expresa de sus padres. La encuesta epidemiológica estuvo conformada por el examen bucal y la aplicación de un cuestionario (alfa de Cronbach=0,881), previa estandarización de una Cirujana Dentista (Kappa=0,932). Para medir la fiabilidad del cuestionario se calculó el valor del alfa de Cronbach y para las asociaciones la Chi cuadrada de Mantel y Haenszel y el valor de Razón de verosimilitud para tablas de contingencia mayores de 2X2. Resultados. La arcada tipo 2 (72,7%), la respiración bucal (26,0%) y la onicofagia (17,2%) fueron los factores de riesgo que fueron observados con mayor frecuencia en los niños. El tipo de arcada fue la única variable que estuvo asociada con el sexo (X2MH=4,443, p=0,035). Conclusiones. Una proporción alta de los niños encuestados presentó al menos un factor de riesgo para alterar el desarrollo de la oclusión dental, razón por la cual debe considerarse la necesidad de aplicar acciones de carácter preventivo en esta población.

A prevalência de hábitos orais em pré-escolares / The prevalence of oral habits in preschoolers / La prevalencia de hábitos orales en preescolares

Objetivo: estimar a prevalência de hábitos orais em crianças frequentadoras de pré-escolas do centro sul de Sergipe. Método: a amostra foi determinada após análise de cálculo amostral e constituída por 208 pré-escolares (104 do sexo feminino e 104 do masculino) frequentadores de duas pré-escolas do centro sul de Sergipe (uma pública e outra privada), com idades entre dois e cinco anos. Por meio de formulário próprio entregue aos familiares, foi verificada a quantidade de pré-escolares que apresentam hábitos orais (chupeta, mamadeira, dedo, apertamento dentário, sucção de língua, bruxismo, umidificar lábios, onicofagia, morder mucosa oral e objetos), para posterior estimativa da prevalência desses hábitos. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos aos Testes de Igualdade de Proporções e Qui-quadrado, adotando-se nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: houve alta prevalência de hábitos orais (87,02%), sendo o uso da mamadeira o de maior ocorrência. O hábito de morder objetos foi mais comum no sexo feminino em pré-escolares do ensino público, não sendo reveladas diferenças estatisticamente significantes em relação aos demais hábitos com o sexo. A sucção digital esteve associada a faixas etárias menores (dois e três anos) e o bruxismo, às maiores (quatro e cinco anos). Conclusão: a alta prevalência de hábitos orais deletérios em pré-escolares justifica a ação interdisciplinar o mais precoce possível, a fim de que não haja impacto negativo no desenvolvimento do complexo crânio-oro-cervical e, consequentemente, nas funções orais.

Purpose: to estimate the prevalence of oral habits of children attending pre-schools in the mid-south region of Sergipe. Method: the sample was consisted after a calculation analysis of 208 preschool children (104 females and 104 males) frequenting two pre-schools in the mid-south region of Sergipe (one public and one private), with ages from two to five years, of both genders. Through an individual form given to their families (part of the clinical history of MBGR Protocol in GENARO et al., 2009), the amount of pre-school children who have oral habits was verified (pacifier, bottle, finger, teeth clenching, tonguesuction, bruxism, moistening of lips, nail biting, biting oral mucosa and objects) for further estimate of the prevalence of these habits. The guardians of the participants signed a consent form. The data were submitted to the Equal Proportions and Chi-square tests, adopting a significance level of 5%. Results: there was a high prevalence of oral habits (87.02%), and the bottle-feeding the habit with the highest incidence in the study group. The habit of biting objects was more common in females in public pre-school education, statistically significant differences were not revealed in the relation between the other habits and gender. Digital sucking was associated with younger age groups (2 and 3 years), and bruxism with the higher (4 and 5 years). Conclusion: the high prevalence of harmful oral habits in preschoolers justifies an interdisciplinary action as soon as possible, so that there is no negative impact on the development of the skull-oro-cervical complex and, consequently, on the oral functions.

Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de hábitos orales en niños preescolares del centro sur de Sergipe. Método: La muestra fue constituida tras el análisis del cálculo del tamaño de la muestra y fue compuesta por 208 preescolares (104 de sexo femenino y 104 de sexo masculino), frecuentadores de dos preescuelas del centro sur de Sergipe (una pública y otra privada), con edades entre dos y cinco años. Por medio de un formulario se verificó la cantidad de los niños en edad preescolar que tienen hábitos orales (chupete, mamadera, dedo, apretar dientes, succión de lengua, bruxismo, umidificar los labios, onicofagia, morder la mucosa oral y objetos), para posterior estimativa de la prevalencia de estos hábitos. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a las Pruebas de Igualdad de Proporciones y Qui Quadrado, adoptándose el nivel de significación de 5 %. Resultados: Hubo alta prevalencia de hábitos orales (87,02%), siendo lo uso de la mamadera el hábito con mayor ocurrencia. El hábito de morder objetos fue más común en el sexo femenino, en preescolares de la educación pública, no siendo reveladas diferencias estáticamente significantes en relación a los otros hábitos, con respeto a la variable sexo. La succión digital ha estado asociada a grupos de edad menor (2 y 3 años) y el bruxismo, a edad mayor (4 y 5 años). Conclusión: La alta prevalencia de hábitos orales deletéreos en preescolares justifica la acción interdisciplinar lo mas precoz posible, a fin de que no haya impacto negativo en el desarrollo de la compleja estrutura cráneo-oro-cervical y, por consiguiente, en las funciones orales.

Hábitos parafuncionais infantis decorrentes do desmame precoce e seu impacto na cavidade bucal / Children parafunctional habits arising from early weaning and its impact on the oral cavity

A presente pesquisa visou avaliar os hábitos bucais mais prevalentes em crianças estudantes da Escola Municipal Joaquim Pinto e Souza, do município de Vassouras/RJ, verificando a influência do tempo de amamentação na determinação desses hábitos relacionados à má-oclusão. O estudo foi realizado por meio de um questionário estruturado, encaminhado aos pais das 57 crianças, com idades entre quatro e 15 anos. Em seguida, foi realizado exame clínico para avaliação da oclusão e os dados obtidos foram organizados e processados quantitativamente. Os hábitos questionados aos pais foram: o ato de roer as unhas, o uso de mamadeiras, chupetas, sucção de dedo, morder ou chupar objetos, ranger os dentes e respiração bucal, que tiveram efetiva importância para o estudo. A maioria das crianças que interrompeu a amamentação precocemente, desenvolveu hábitos parafuncionais, apresentando-se como os mais prevalentes a sucção de chupeta, respiração bucal e o ato de roer unhas, sendo que algumas dessas crianças possuíam um ou mais destes hábitos. Os questionários foram analisados e comparados com o exame clínico, onde verificou-se que as crianças que tiveram o desmame precoce apresentaram maior prevalência de mordida aberta anterior...

This cross-sectional study evaluated the most prevalent oral habits from students of the Municipal School Joaquim Pinto e Souza, at the city of Vassouras, RJ, verifying the influence of breastfeeding time on these malocclusion related habits. A questionnaire was sent to parents of 57 children, aged from 4 to 15 years. Next, a clinical exam was made to evaluate the occlusal conditions, and data was organized and interpreted quantitatively. The following habits were studied: nail biting, baby bottle, pacifiers, thumbnail sucking, object biting or sucking, tooth grinding, and oral breathing. Most children with early breastfeeding interruption developed parafunctional habits, being the most prevalent pacifier sucking, oral breathing, and nail biting, with some having one or more habits. Children with early interruption of breastfeeding had more prevalence of anterior open bite...

Ansiedad, síndrome de piernas inquietas y onicofagia en estudiantes de medicina / Anxiety, restless legs syndrome and onychophagia in medical students

Describir la frecuencia de ansiedad, onicofagia y síndrome de piernas inquietas (SPI) en estudiantes de medicina y explorar la relación entre los mismos. Materiales y métodos: Participaron 315 estudiantes del primer al quinto año de medicina de una universidad privada de Lima. Se administraron la Escala de Ansiedad de Beck (BAI), una escala Likert para onicofagia, el Inventario de Estudios Epidemiológicos de SPI (García - Borreguero) y el Inventario de SPI (Grupo Internacional de SPI). Resultados: Se halló la frecuencia de ansiedad (61,3%), onicofagia (52,63%) y SPI (9,29%). Ser hombre es un factor protector para ansiedad (razón de prevalencia (RP) = 0,74; p = 0,001; IC 95% = 0,63 û 0,89). Existe asociación entre sintomatología ansiosa y SPI (RP =2,52; p = 0,036; IC 95% = 1,06 û 6); y entre sintomatología ansiosa y onicofagia (RP = 1,47; p = 0,002; IC 95% = 1,15 û 1,87). La presencia de onicofagia y SPI tenía asociación con sintomatología ansiosa (RP = 5,37; p = 0,023; IC 95% = 1,26 û 22,82). No se encontró asociación significativa entre SPI y onicofagia. Conclusiones: Existe una asociación entre ansiedad y SPI; y entre ansiedad y onicofagia; pero no entre SPI y onicofagia...

Objectives: The present work describes the frequency of anxiety, onychophagy and restless legs syndrome (RLS) in medical students and explore the relation among these conditions. Materials and methods: 315 medical students from the first to the fifth year from a private university where selected to participate. The instruments used for the study where: The Beck Anxiety Inventory, a Likert scale for onychophagy (nail biting), the Inventory of Epidemiological Studies for RLS (García - Borreguero) and the RLS Inventory (International RLS Group). Results: A frequency of anxiety (61.3%), onychophagy (52.63%) and RLS (9.29%) were found. Being male was a protective factor for anxiety (prevalence ratio (PR) = 0.74; p = 0.001, 95% CI = 0.63 to 0.89). There was an association between anxiety symptoms and RLS (PR = 2.52; p = 0.036, 95% CI = 1.06 - 6.00); and between anxious and onychophagy symptoms (PR = 1.47; p = 0.002, 95% CI = 1.15 - 1.87). Coexistence of onychophagy and RLS were associated with anxiety symptoms (PR = 5.37; p = 0.023, 95% CI = 1.26 - 22.82). There was no significant association between RLS and onychophagy. Conclusions: There is an association between anxiety and RLS, and between anxiety and onychophagy; but not between RLS and onychophagy...

Hábito lesivo poco frecuente: presentación de un caso / An infrequent damaging habit: a case presentation

FUNDAMENTO: existen hábitos lesivos llamados neurosis, que se consideran factores importantes en el comienzo y evolución de la enfermedad periodontal. Ellos son capaces de influir tanto en su aparición y curso como en el resultado de su tratamiento. OBJETIVO: relatar un caso hábito poco frecuente en Estomatología. CASO CLÍNICO: se presenta el caso de una paciente de 27 años, con encías en el sector anteroinferior fuera de su posición debido a su hábito, desde la niñez, de morderse la uñas y empaquetarla en las encías de sus dientes anteroinferiores. Al examen físico se observó escasa placa dentobacteriana y presencia de sarro dentario, no caries dental, recesiones gingivales marcadas en sector anteroinferior con denudación de la superficie radicular. Se mostró un poco tímida, ansiosa, frustada. Se discutió el diagnóstico y manejo de esta enfermedad poco habitual. Se utilizó terapia sicológica y odontológica y se mantuvo una óptima higiene bucal por parte del paciente y vigilancia estricta del periodoncista. CONCLUSIONES: la paciente está en tratamiento con una evolución satisfactoria.

BACKGROUND: there are damaging habits called neurosis which are considered important factors in the beginning and evolution of the periodontal disease. These habits can influence its appearance and course, as well as the result of its treatment. OBJECTIVE: to present a case of an infrequent habit in Stomatology. CLINICAL CASE: the case of a twenty-seven-year-old patient is presented. The patient's gums, in the anteroinferior region, were out of position because of her habit since childhood of biting her nails and packing them on the gums of her anteroinferior teeth. A scarce dentobacterial plaque and the presence of tartar, as well as dental caries, gingival resections in the anteroposterior area with denudation of the radicular surface were observed in the physical examination. The patient was a little shy, impatient, frustrated. The diagnosis and handling of this infrequent disease was discussed. Psychological and odontological therapy was applied and an optimum oral hygiene was carried out by the patient and the periodontist made a strict vigilance. CONCLUSIONS: the patient is under treatment with a satisfactory evolution.

Restabelecimento estético e funcional de paciente com onicofagia crônica – relato de caso / Aesthetic and function reestablishment on a patient with chronic onychophagia – case report

O hábito de roer unhas, também conhecido como onicofagia, pode provocar desgaste severo dos dentes, alterando sua forma e função. O presente caso clínico reporta o tratamento estético e funcional de um paciente com desgaste dos incisivos superiores provocado pelo hábito parafuncional de onicofagia. Com o objetivo de atingir os padrões estéticos atualmente aceitos, o tratamento iniciou-se com o clareamento caseiro dos dentes utilizando gel de peróxido de carbamida a 10%. Sete dias após o término do clareamento, iniciou-se a fase restauradora. O preparo dos dentes consistiu apenas na remoção de restaurações anteriores insatisfatórias e ligeiro biselamento das margens. A reanatomização dos quatro incisivos superiores foi realizada com resinas compostas, pela técnica incremental, associando diferentes matizes e opacidades. Após acabamento e polimento realizados sete dias após as restaurações, os resultados obtidos foram considerados altamente satisfatórios, uma vez que determinou-se um sorriso harmônico e jovem, mais compatível com a idade do paciente, além de contribuir para a remoção do hábito parafuncional que perdurara até a fase restauradora. O tratamento estético e funcional realizado com resinas compostas ainda é capaz de apresentar excelentes resultados clínicos, além de, em casos específicos, contribuir para a remoção de hábitos parafuncionais como a onicofagia.

The nail biting habit, also known as onychophagia, can cause severe wear of the teeth, altering its shape and function. The present clinical case reports the aesthetic and functional treatment of a patient with maxillary incisors wear, caused by the parafuncional habit of nail biting. In order to achieve the currently accepted aesthetic standards, the treatment started with bleaching, using 10% carbamide peroxide gel. Seven days after the bleaching was finished, the restorative phase began. The tooth preparation consisted only in the removal of previous unsatisfactory restorations and slight beveling of the edges. The re-anatomization of the four upper incisors was held with composite resins, by the incremental technique, associating different shades and opacities. After finishing and polishing, performed seven days after the restorations, the results were considered highly satisfactory, since it was achieved a harmonic and young smile, more compatible with the patient’s age, and additionally it has contributed to the parafunctional habit removal that persisted until the restorative phase. The aesthetic and functional treatment performed with composite resins is still able to achieve excellent clinical results, and in specific cases, to contribute for the removal of parafunctional habits such as onychophagia

Relación entre onicofagia y manifestaciones clínicas de trastornos temporomandibulares en dentición mixta primera y/o segunda fase: una revisión narrativa / Relationship between nail biting and clinical manifestations of temporomandibular disorders in mixed dentition first and/or second phase: a narrative review

Estudios indican que más del 50 por ciento de la población ha padecido alguna vez manifestaciones clínicas relacionadas a trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM). La prevalencia de consultas odontológicas por dolor orofacial ha aumentado, y la edad de inicio de la sintomatología es cada vez más temprana. La etiología de este cuadro es multifactorial, debida entre otros a hábitos parafuncionales. La onicofagia es una parafunción prevalente en niños. Está relacionada a la tensión psíquica, por lo cual el sujeto puede presentar el hábito parafuncional de manera continua o por períodos exacerbados por estrés. Esto justifica su alta prevalencia en la sociedad actual. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue recopilar de manera clara y actualizada la información disponible y concluir si la literatura científica relaciona la onicofagia y las manifestaciones clínicas de TTM en niños con dentición mixta, primera y/o segunda fase. Gracias a esto surgió la siguiente pregunta clínica: ¿Relaciona la literatura científica actual, el mal hábito de onicofagia con las manifestaciones clínicas de TTM en individuos con dentición mixta primera y/o segunda fase? En cuanto a la metodología utilizada, se procedió al análisis acucioso de cada referencia, dónde se analizó: La calidad de la información, la validez y su consecuente grado de recomendación. Por último, concluimos que para contestar nuestra pregunta clínica y analizar medidas de salud pública, es necesario realizar más estudios sobre el tema. Para lograr generar un impacto a nivel poblacional, es necesario educar y crear consciencia a nivel social, y capacitar más profesionales para tratar estas alteraciones tempranamente.

Studies indicate that over 50 percent of the population has ever had symptoms related to temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The prevalence of dental visits for orofacial pain has increased and the age of onset of symptoms is increasingly early. The etiology of this condition is multifactorial, due to parafunctional habits, among others. Onychophagia is prevalent in children. It is related to mental stress, so the subject may have continuous parafunctional habits or periods exacerbated by stress. This justifies its high prevalence in modern society. The aim of this study was to compile the available information in the literature to conclude whether onychophagia is related to clinical manifestations of TMD in children with mixed dentition, first and/or second phase. This brought the following clinical question: Does the current literature relate onychophagia with clinical manifestations of TMD in individuals with mixed dentition first and / or second phase? Regarding the methodology, we proceeded to review each reference, where the quality of information, validity and consequent degree of recommendation were analyzed. Finally, we conclude that to answer our question, more clinical studies and public health measures are needed on the subject. To achieve an impact on the population it is necessary to educate and raise awareness at a social level, and train more professionals to treat these disorders early.

Parafunctional oral habits and itsrelationship with family structure in a Mexican preschoolers group, 2013 / Hábitos orales parafuncionales y su relación con la estructura familiar en un grupo de preescolares mexicanos, 2013

Introduction. Habit is any act acquired through experience and performed regularly and unconsciously. Parafunctional habits are resulting from the perversion of a normal function, acquired by repeated practice of an act that is not functional or necessary, may be signs of adjustment problems or inappropriate emotional expression. Its importance lies in the fact that they can interfere with the development of dental occlusion. Objective. To evaluate the prevalence of parafunctional oral habits and their possible association with the type of family, in a group of preschool children from eastern Mexico City. Methodology. Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carrying on. Preschool children group and their parents were surveyed before an examiner calibration (k =0.87, p=0.001). The detection of different parafunctional habits was conducted in two stages: 1) application of a parent questionnaire and 2) clinical assessment of the child. Results and discussion. 57.7 percent of the studied population had at least one parafunctional oral habit. Onycophagia habit was the most prevalent. The relationship between prevalence of parafunctional habits with family type was significant (X2=87.439, p=0.0001). Conclusions. The prevalence of parafunctional habits was high which was associated with family type also the most frequent parafunctional habit onycophagia.

Introducción. Un hábito es cualquier acto adquirido mediante la experiencia y realizado regular e inconscientemente. Los hábitos bucales parafuncionales son los que resultan de la alteración de una función normal, o los que se adquieren por la práctica repetida de un acto que no es funcional ni necesario, pudiendo ser signos de problemas de adaptación o de expresión emocional inadecuada. Su importancia radica en el hecho de que pueden interferir con el desarrollo de la oclusión dental, razón por la cual el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de hábitos bucales parafuncionales y su posible relación con la estructura familiar, en un grupo de preescolares de un Centro de Desarrollo Infantil del oriente de la Ciudad de México. Metodología. El estudio fue de carácter observacional, descriptivo y transversal, en el que 111 preescolares y sus padres fueron encuestados previa calibración de una examinadora (k=0.87, p=0.001). La detección de los diferentes hábitos bucales parafuncionales se realizó en dos etapas: 1) aplicación de un cuestionario al padre de familia y 2) valoración clínica del niño. Resultados y discusión. El 57.7 por ciento de la población estudiada presentó, al menos un hábito bucal parafuncional. La onicofagia fue el hábito de mayor prevalencia. La relación entre la prevalencia de hábitos parafuncionales con la estructura familiar resultó ser significativa (X2=87.439, p=0.0001). Conclusiones. La prevalencia de hábitos bucales parafuncionales fue alta la cual estuvo relacionada con la estructura familiar, asimismo, el hábito parafuncional más frecuente fue la onicofagia.

Factores de riesgo asociados a hábitos bucales deformantes en niños de 5 a 11 años: estudio de casos y controles / Risk factors associated with deforming oral habits in children aged 5 to 11: a case-control study

Introducción Las causas de las anomalías dentomaxilofaciales son múltiples y complejas. Los hábitos bucales incorrectos, deletéreos o deformantes son una de las más frecuentes. Debido a la cantidad de niños que acuden a consulta con maloclusiones, generadas en su mayoría por los hábitos bucales deformantes, se vuelve necesario el conocer los factores de riesgo para así reducirlos al máximo y evitar sus consecuencias. Este conocimiento puede ser muy útil para identificar los grupos de bajo y alto riesgo, así como para la prevención secundaria, cuando se cuenta con los medios de detección precoz y tratamiento. Objetivos Identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a hábitos bucales deformantes, los que producen alteraciones de la oclusión, trastornos en el lenguaje y en el desarrollo físico y emocional del niño, si es que se mantienen por largos períodos de tiempo. Método Se realizó un estudio de tipo caso control de niños afectados por hábitos bucales deformantes del municipio de Manzanillo, provincia Granma, en el periodo comprendido entre enero y agosto de 2013. Del total de niños entre 5 y 11 años del área se seleccionaron 540 menores, de ellos 180 con hábitos bucales deformantes que se examinaron en consulta a los que se les aplicó una encuesta para determinar el tipo de hábitos que practicaban. Los niños con hábitos deformantes constituyeron los casos y los otros 360 sin hábitos bucales deformantes constituyeron los controles. Se tomó 1 caso por cada 2 controles estudiados a partir de un muestreo aleatorio. A todas las madres de estos niños se les realizó una encuesta para obtener las demás variables necesarias para el estudio. Resultados Hubo predominio de niños con hábitos bucales deformantes en el sexo femenino. En la edad de 10 años predominó como hábito deformante la onicofagia. Se consideran condiciones de riesgo en la presencia de hábitos bucales deformantes variables socio biológicas de las madres y los niños como el bajo y sobre peso del niño.

Introduction Dental and maxillofacial anomalies have multiple and complex causes. Most frequent among these are poor oral habits. A large number of children present with oral malocclusions, most of which are caused by deforming oral habits. It is important to learn about risk factors for this condition in order to institute preventive measures, early detection and treatment, and identification of low- and high-risk groups. Objectives To identify risk factors associated with deforming oral habits, which, if maintained over time, are responsible for occlusion defects, speech disorders, and can affect physical and emotional child development. Methods A case-control study of children presenting with deforming oral habits in the municipality of Manzanillo in Granma province was conducted between January and August 2013. 540 children aged 5 to 11 were included of which 180 had deforming oral habits and were asked to fill out a survey to identify specific type of habits leading to malocclusion. The case group was composed of children with deforming habits, and the remaining 360 children without poor oral habits were the control group. Each case was randomly matched to two control cases. The children’s mothers were also surveyed to gather supplemental information. Results Children with deforming oral habits were mostly female. At age 10, onychophagia was the predominant oral deforming habit. Risk factors detected for these habits were sociobiological maternal and child variables such as low and high birth weight, maternal breastfeeding inexperience, and discord in the family. Conclusions The study identified likely risk factors associated with deforming oral habits. These are discord in the family, birth weight, and lack of breastfeeding experience.

Prevalencia de estereotipias en pacientes sin enfermedades crónicas / Prevalence of stereotypies in patients without chronic diseases

Introducción: Las estereotipias han sido descritas en niños con trastornos del desarrollo pero su prevalencia y características en niños con desarrollo madurativo normal no es conocida. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de estereotipias en niños sin enfermedades crónicas y describir sus características clínicas y epidemiológicas Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal. Se aplicó una encuesta a madres de niños recién nacidos hasta niños de 12 años que concurrieron a los consultorios externos con muestreo consecutivo y no aleatori-zado. La encuesta fue analizada previamente en un subgrupo de madres. Resultados: Se completaron 406 encuestas, en el 57 por ciento se refirieron estereotipias y las más frecuentes fueron chuparse los dedos (21,8 por ciento) y comerse las uñas (20 por ciento). El análisis multivariado identificó mayor probabilidad de presentar estereotipias en niños con antecedentes de esterotipia en los padres, situaciones de estrés y madres mayores de 35 años. Conclusión: Las estereotipias tienen una elevada prevalencia en los niños y son más frecuentes en niños con antecedentes familiares de estereotipias, situaciones de estrés y en niños con madres de mayor edad.

Background: Stereotypies have been described in children with developmental disorders but their prevalence and characteristics in developmentally normal children is unknown. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of stereotypies in children without chronic diseases and describe their clinical and epidemiological characteristics. Patients and Methods: A Cross-sectional study was performed. Mothers of children aged from birth to 12 years, who attended the outpatient clinic, answered survey questions. Results: 406 surveys were completed; stereotypies were observed in 57 percent of patients, among the most frequent, finger sucking (21.8 percent) and nail biting (20 percent). A multivariate analysis identified that stereotypies are more likely in children with a history of stereotypy in parents, under stressful environments, and with mothers over 35 years old. Conclusion: Stereo-typies showed a high prevalence in this study, most frequently in those children under stressful environments, mothers older than 35 years, and affected parents.

Onychophagia (Nail biting), anxiety, and malocclusion.

Nail biting is a stress removing habit adopted by many children and adults. People usually do it when they are nervous, stressed, hungry, or bored. All of these situations are having a common phenomenon between them is anxiety. Onychophagia is also a sign of other emotional or mental disorders. It is a habit that is not easy to quit and reflection of extreme nervousness or inability to handle stressful conditions. This abnormal habit may cause various malocclusions associated with dentoalveolar segment of the oral cavity. Crowding and rotations of incisors are common with this habit.

Frecuencia de hábitos orales no fisiológicos en pacientes atendidos en la Cátedra de Ortodoncia II curso del 5to año de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción entre los años 2006 y 2011 / Frequency of non-physiological oral habits in patients treated at the Department of Orthodontics II during the 5th year of the Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Asunción between 2006 and 2011

La literatura refleja la influencia de ciertos hábitos orales nocivos en el desarrollo de las maloclusiones; respiración bucal, deglución atípica, succión no nutritiva causan todos en mayor o menor número, casos característicos de maloclusión. Con el objetivo de determinar la frecuencia de hábitos orales no fisiológicos en pacientes con maloclusión que acudieron a la cátedra de Ortodoncia II curso del 5to año entre los años 2006 y 2011, se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal con componente analítico. Fueron analizadas 281 fichas clínicas de pacientes con maloclusiones que acudieron a la institución. Del total de la muestra: 56,58% fueron pacientes del sexo femenino; el rango de edad de 13-18 años (45,91%); la dentición mas frecuente fue la permanente; 58,36% presentó cuando menos un hábito oral no fisiológico; 49,11% presentó relación molar Clase I de Angle. Entre los que presentaron hábitos (n-164), se observó respiración bucal (57,32%); relación molar Clase I de Angle (43,90%); de la Clase II un alto porcentaje perteneció a la primera división; se encontró 82,31% de overjet y 79,26% de overbite alterados. No se encontró evidencia estadística suficiente para afirmar que existe diferencia en la clase de maloclusión (Angle) según la presencia de hábito oral no fisiológico. La mayoría de los pacientes con maloclusión de clase II presentó al menos un hábito oral no fisiológico. De los hábitos analizados, únicamente existe diferencia en la clase de maloclusión (Angle) según la presencia del hábito deglución atípica. En cuanto a overjet y overbite sólo existe diferencia en overjet normal o alterado según la presencia de hábito oral no fisiológico. La mayoría de los pacientes con overjet alterado presentó algún hábito oral. Considerando los resultados, resalta la importancia de tomar medidas educativas-preventivas para la intercepción precoz de hábitos orales no fisiológicos